The Language of Life DNA and the Revolution in...

In 2010, Francis S. Collins penned The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine. At that time, he was the director of the Human Genome Project and now currently serves as the head of the National Institutes of Health. Collins is an American geneticist who was influential in discovering the genes responsible for cystic fibrosis and type II diabetes. The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine begins with a rough overview of genetic principles that will be used in further chapters. The book delves into dominant and recessive genes, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genetic mutations, as well as, various conditions that arise from the previous genetic circumstances. Dr. Collins uses numerous examples throughout his book, including personal experiences to explain the effect genetic testing has on the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. For example, Dr. Collins speaks about the positive experiences individuals have had in regards to the treatment of their genetically inherited conditions. One case he mentions is a girl named Tracey Beck. Tracey suffered from phenylketonuria (PKU), a condition where the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine that is found in protein. High levels of phenylalanine build up in the brain causing developmental delays. After exhibiting signs of sleepless by her mother, Tracey was given a newborn screening test. The results of Tracey’s test wereShow MoreRelatedGenetics And The Science Of The Future1693 Words   |  7 Pagesacid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviate d A, T, C, and G, respectively. â€Å"The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G† (Collins 6). These base pairs are lined up in a pattern as rungs on the DNA â€Å"ladder†. A gene is a section of base pairs in the strand of DNA. The smallest genes spanRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Evaluation Of Anxiety Based On The Triangle Of Conflict

Evaluation of Anxiety. Based on the Triangle of Conflict, we know that by focusing and pressing the client to discuss their core emotions, it will trigger anxiety (Della Selva, 1996; Malan Della Selva, 2012). Therefore, the second step in the procedure is to evaluate the level of anxiety and determine if the client is appropriate for ISTDP. The therapist will need to pay attention to how the anxiety is channeled, identifying whether it is through the striated muscle, the smooth muscle, or as a cognitive-perceptual disruption. Guided questions in this step would focus on client’s anxiety and how they are being channeled. Work on Defense: The Patient’s Responses. Again, based on the Triangle of Conflict, we can anticipate that as the anxiety level increases in the second step, the client will begin to implement their defenses (. Therefore, noting how the client response to the anxiety and the type of defenses that emerged will inform the therapist whether the client is ready to engage in emotional work by facing their true feeling (Malan Della Selva, 2012). Focusing on defenses will intensified the client’s conflicts about whether to reveal or conceal their true feelings, thus creating an internal conflicted feeling (Malan Della Selva, 2012). The part about wanting to revel their true feeling to the therapist is considered the â€Å"the unconscious therapeutic alliance† by Davanloo and as such can act as an internal healing force (Malan Della Selva, 2012). DavanlooShow MoreRelatedCouple/Family Theoretical Orientation. As A Future Marriage,1701 Words   |  7 Pageswith my educ ation, my theoretical orientation will shift, or I will build upon the foundation of my orientation. What is evident is that there is a correlation between my theoretical lens and therapeutic orientation. As I decide upon my orientation based on my own principles, through my theoretical lens, I married my views of society, perceptions, human behavior, environment along with a Marriage, Counseling, and Family theory which resulted in my theoretical orientation. The theoretical orientationRead MoreBowen Systems Theory Paper1598 Words   |  7 Pagesinsight into a particular family member’s behaviors, it is fair to note that one or more concepts may apply to each family member, and often include more than one person (Kerr, 2000). Triangles The triangle concept describes a three-person relationship and is considered a core component of a larger emotional system. Triangles can involve three members of the immediate family, or a combination of immediate family members and individuals outside the household like a friend or relative (Kerr, 2000; NicholsRead MoreFamily and Systemic Therapies1707 Words   |  7 PagesBowen (1972) likened the family system to a biological system, wherein a change in the functioning of one aspect is followed by a compensatory change in another aspect, with the aspects in this instance being family members. Family systems theory was based on the assumption that studying the interactions between and among family members could reveal a great deal about the development and behaviour of one family member in particular, due to the fact that it is inextricably interconnected to the othersRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Nature1723 Words   |  7 Pageswith my education, my theoretical orientation will s hift, or I will build upon the foundation of my orientation. What is evident is that there is a correlation between my theoretical lens and therapeutic orientation. As I decide upon my orientation based on my own principles, through my theoretical lens, I married my views of society, perceptions, human behavior, environment along with a Marriage, Counseling, and Family theory which resulted in my theoretical orientation. The theoretical orientationRead MoreFamily System Theory And Its Approach On Family Counseling Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Family therapy provides for family members a means of improving communication and resolving conflict. This form of therapy attempts to determine individual’s behavior by closely examining one’s interactions with their family of origin, as well as current family. This interactive analysis is conducted to examine the patterns of behavior during familial interactions to determine dysfunctional behavior that challenge family cohesiveness. Family member behavior, if negative can perpetuateRead MoreFamily Systems Theory And Its Impact On The Practices Of Marriage And Family Counseling2975 Words   |  12 Pagessystems theory. This paper will discuss the eight concepts which Bowen deemed causes anxiety within the family system. Also, the goals and practices which have been utilized by professionals within the psychology field relation to the Bowen Family Systems Theory. Analysis provides that anxiety is passed along through the family system by the triangle concept and when f amilies are dysfunctional there are several outcomes based upon the concepts developed by Dr. Bowen. The therapeutic structure which is developedRead More Bowen Family Therapy Essay2625 Words   |  11 Pagesextended family which he described as a spectacular breakthrough (Kerr Bowen, 1988). Theory concepts Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. The eight concepts include differentiation of self, triangles, the nuclear family emotional processes, the family projection process, the multigenerational transmission process, sibling position, emotional cutoff and societal emotional processes. Differentiation of Self Rabstejnek (2010) explains that differentiationRead MoreThe Bowenian Approach to Family Therapy Essay example2986 Words   |  12 PagesStrengths and limitations will be exposed, followed by a summary of the importance of integration between psychology and family systems theory. Keywords: Bowen, integration, family systems theory Part I Introduction Bowen family systems theory is based on the view that the family is an emotional unit. The theory uses systems thinking to describe the interactions and relationships within the family. Given families are deeply emotionally connected, family members can influence each other’s thoughtsRead MoreThe Concept Of Termination : A Phase Of The Intervention Process1523 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to the combination of everything done to this point leading to attachment and separation. Termination is the last step between the client and worker. There are many different reasons for termination. Before termination evaluation information is gathered. Formative evaluation is done to gather ongoing feedback as the group evolves for improving and refining the group to improve outcomes. Summative evaluation’s purpose is to determine whether a group has met its goals and should be continued. GroupRead MoreBowen Family Systems2823 Words   |  12 Pagesstudied the relationship betwee n mother-child symbioses. This involved a certain repetitive pattern, where he observed alternating patterns of closeness and distance. They portrayed sensitive emotional tensions caused by separation anxiety and incorporation anxiety. In 1959 he started working with families with less severe problems. Surprisingly these families displayed the same problems as the disturbed families. He concluded that there is no discontinuity between the normal and disturbed families

Angels Demons Chapter 13-15 Free Essays

13 Langdon stared in bewilderment at the study before him. â€Å"What is this place?† Despite the welcome blast of warm air on his face, he stepped through the door with trepidation. Kohler said nothing as he followed Langdon inside. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 13-15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Langdon scanned the room, not having the slightest idea what to make of it. It contained the most peculiar mix of artifacts he had ever seen. On the far wall, dominating the decor, was an enormous wooden crucifix, which Langdon placed as fourteenth-century Spanish. Above the cruciform, suspended from the ceiling, was a metallic mobile of the orbiting planets. To the left was an oil painting of the Virgin Mary, and beside that was a laminated periodic table of elements. On the side wall, two additional brass cruciforms flanked a poster of Albert Einstein, his famous quote reading: God Does Not Play Dice With the Universe Langdon moved into the room, looking around in astonishment. A leather-bound Bible sat on Vetra’s desk beside a plastic Bohr model of an atom and a miniature replica of Michelangelo’s Moses. Talk about eclectic, Langdon thought. The warmth felt good, but something about the decor sent a new set of chills through his body. He felt like he was witnessing the clash of two philosophical titans†¦ an unsettling blur of opposing forces. He scanned the titles on the bookshelf: The God Particle The Tao of Physics God: The Evidence One of the bookends was etched with a quote: True science discovers God waiting behind every door. Pope Pius XII â€Å"Leonardo was a Catholic priest,† Kohler said. Langdon turned. â€Å"A priest? I thought you said he was a physicist.† â€Å"He was both. Men of science and religion are not unprecedented in history. Leonardo was one of them. He considered physics ‘God’s natural law.’ He claimed God’s handwriting was visible in the natural order all around us. Through science he hoped to prove God’s existence to the doubting masses. He considered himself a theo-physicist.† Theo-physicist? Langdon thought it sounded impossibly oxymoronic. â€Å"The field of particle physics,† Kohler said, â€Å"has made some shocking discoveries lately – discoveries quite spiritual in implication. Leonardo was responsible for many of them.† Langdon studied CERN’s director, still trying to process the bizarre surroundings. â€Å"Spirituality and physics?† Langdon had spent his career studying religious history, and if there was one recurring theme, it was that science and religion had been oil and water since day one†¦ archenemies†¦ unmixable. â€Å"Vetra was on the cutting edge of particle physics,† Kohler said. â€Å"He was starting to fuse science and religion†¦ showing that they complement each other in most unanticipated ways. He called the field New Physics.† Kohler pulled a book from the shelf and handed it to Langdon. Langdon studied the cover. God, Miracles, and the New Physics – by Leonardo Vetra. â€Å"The field is small,† Kohler said, â€Å"but it’s bringing fresh answers to some old questions – questions about the origin of the universe and the forces that bind us all. Leonardo believed his research had the potential to convert millions to a more spiritual life. Last year he categorically proved the existence of an energy force that unites us all. He actually demonstrated that we are all physically connected†¦ that the molecules in your body are intertwined with the molecules in mine†¦ that there is a single force moving within all of us.† Langdon felt disconcerted. And the power of God shall unite us all. â€Å"Mr. Vetra actually found a way to demonstrate that particles are connected?† â€Å"Conclusive evidence. A recent Scientific American article hailed New Physics as a surer path to God than religion itself.† The comment hit home. Langdon suddenly found himself thinking of the antireligious Illuminati. Reluctantly, he forced himself to permit a momentary intellectual foray into the impossible. If the Illuminati were indeed still active, would they have killed Leonardo to stop him from bringing his religious message to the masses? Langdon shook off the thought. Absurd! The Illuminati are ancient history! All academics know that! â€Å"Vetra had plenty of enemies in the scientific world,† Kohler went on. â€Å"Many scientific purists despised him. Even here at CERN. They felt that using analytical physics to support religious principles was a treason against science.† â€Å"But aren’t scientists today a bit less defensive about the church?† Kohler grunted in disgust. â€Å"Why should we be? The church may not be burning scientists at the stake anymore, but if you think they’ve released their reign over science, ask yourself why half the schools in your country are not allowed to teach evolution. Ask yourself why the U.S. Christian Coalition is the most influential lobby against scientific progress in the world. The battle between science and religion is still raging, Mr. Langdon. It has moved from the battlefields to the boardrooms, but it is still raging.† Langdon realized Kohler was right. Just last week the Harvard School of Divinity had marched on the Biology Building, protesting the genetic engineering taking place in the graduate program. The chairman of the Bio Department, famed ornithologist Richard Aaronian, defended his curriculum by hanging a huge banner from his office window. The banner depicted the Christian â€Å"fish† modified with four little feet – a tribute, Aaronian claimed, to the African lungfishes’ evolution onto dry land. Beneath the fish, instead of the word â€Å"Jesus,† was the proclamation â€Å"Darwin!† A sharp beeping sound cut the air, and Langdon looked up. Kohler reached down into the array of electronics on his wheelchair. He slipped a beeper out of its holder and read the incoming message. â€Å"Good. That is Leonardo’s daughter. Ms. Vetra is arriving at the helipad right now. We will meet her there. I think it best she not come up here and see her father this way.† Langdon agreed. It would be a shock no child deserved. â€Å"I will ask Ms. Vetra to explain the project she and her father have been working on†¦ perhaps shedding light on why he was murdered.† â€Å"You think Vetra’s work is why he was killed?† â€Å"Quite possibly. Leonardo told me he was working on something groundbreaking. That is all he said. He had become very secretive about the project. He had a private lab and demanded seclusion, which I gladly afforded him on account of his brilliance. His work had been consuming huge amounts of electric power lately, but I refrained from questioning him.† Kohler rotated toward the study door. â€Å"There is, however, one more thing you need to know before we leave this flat.† Langdon was not sure he wanted to hear it. â€Å"An item was stolen from Vetra by his murderer.† â€Å"An item?† â€Å"Follow me.† The director propelled his wheelchair back into the fog-filled living room. Langdon followed, not knowing what to expect. Kohler maneuvered to within inches of Vetra’s body and stopped. He ushered Langdon to join him. Reluctantly, Langdon came close, bile rising in his throat at the smell of the victim’s frozen urine. â€Å"Look at his face,† Kohler said. Look at his face? Langdon frowned. I thought you said something was stolen. Hesitantly, Langdon knelt down. He tried to see Vetra’s face, but the head was twisted 180 degrees backward, his face pressed into the carpet. Struggling against his handicap Kohler reached down and carefully twisted Vetra’s frozen head. Cracking loudly, the corpse’s face rotated into view, contorted in agony. Kohler held it there a moment. â€Å"Sweet Jesus!† Langdon cried, stumbling back in horror. Vetra’s face was covered in blood. A single hazel eye stared lifelessly back at him. The other socket was tattered and empty. â€Å"They stole his eye?† 14 Langdon stepped out of Building C into the open air, grateful to be outside Vetra’s flat. The sun helped dissolve the image of the empty eye socket emblazoned into his mind. â€Å"This way, please,† Kohler said, veering up a steep path. The electric wheelchair seemed to accelerate effortlessly. â€Å"Ms. Vetra will be arriving any moment.† Langdon hurried to keep up. â€Å"So,† Kohler asked. â€Å"Do you still doubt the Illuminati’s involvement?† Langdon had no idea what to think anymore. Vetra’s religious affiliations were definitely troubling, and yet Langdon could not bring himself to abandon every shred of academic evidence he had ever researched. Besides, there was the eye†¦ â€Å"I still maintain,† Langdon said, more forcefully than he intended. â€Å"that the Illuminati are not responsible for this murder. The missing eye is proof.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Random mutilation,† Langdon explained, â€Å"is very†¦ un – Illuminati. Cult specialists see desultory defacement from inexperienced fringe sects – zealots who commit random acts of terrorism – but the Illuminati have always been more deliberate.† â€Å"Deliberate? Surgically removing someone’s eyeball is not deliberate?† â€Å"It sends no clear message. It serves no higher purpose.† Kohler’s wheelchair stopped short at the top of the hill. He turned. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, believe me, that missing eye does indeed serve a higher purpose†¦ a much higher purpose.† As the two men crossed the grassy rise, the beating of helicopter blades became audible to the west. A chopper appeared, arching across the open valley toward them. It banked sharply, then slowed to a hover over a helipad painted on the grass. Langdon watched, detached, his mind churning circles like the blades, wondering if a full night’s sleep would make his current disorientation any clearer. Somehow, he doubted it. As the skids touched down, a pilot jumped out and started unloading gear. There was a lot of it – duffels, vinyl wet bags, scuba tanks, and crates of what appeared to be high-tech diving equipment. Langdon was confused. â€Å"Is that Ms. Vetra’s gear?† he yelled to Kohler over the roar of the engines. Kohler nodded and yelled back, â€Å"She was doing biological research in the Balearic Sea.† â€Å"I thought you said she was a physicist!† â€Å"She is. She’s a Bio Entanglement Physicist. She studies the interconnectivity of life systems. Her work ties closely with her father’s work in particle physics. Recently she disproved one of Einstein’s fundamental theories by using atomically synchronized cameras to observe a school of tuna fish.† Langdon searched his host’s face for any glint of humor. Einstein and tuna fish? He was starting to wonder if the X-33 space plane had mistakenly dropped him off on the wrong planet. A moment later, Vittoria Vetra emerged from the fuselage. Robert Langdon realized today was going to be a day of endless surprises. Descending from the chopper in her khaki shorts and white sleeveless top, Vittoria Vetra looked nothing like the bookish physicist he had expected. Lithe and graceful, she was tall with chestnut skin and long black hair that swirled in the backwind of the rotors. Her face was unmistakably Italian – not overly beautiful, but possessing full, earthy features that even at twenty yards seemed to exude a raw sensuality. As the air currents buffeted her body, her clothes clung, accentuating her slender torso and small breasts. â€Å"Ms. Vetra is a woman of tremendous personal strength,† Kohler said, seeming to sense Langdon’s captivation. â€Å"She spends months at a time working in dangerous ecological systems. She is a strict vegetarian and CERN’s resident guru of Hatha yoga.† Hatha yoga? Langdon mused. The ancient Buddhist art of meditative stretching seemed an odd proficiency for the physicist daughter of a Catholic priest. Langdon watched Vittoria approach. She had obviously been crying, her deep sable eyes filled with emotions Langdon could not place. Still, she moved toward them with fire and command. Her limbs were strong and toned, radiating the healthy luminescence of Mediterranean flesh that had enjoyed long hours in the sun. â€Å"Vittoria,† Kohler said as she approached. â€Å"My deepest condolences. It’s a terrible loss for science†¦ for all of us here at CERN.† Vittoria nodded gratefully. When she spoke, her voice was smooth – a throaty, accented English. â€Å"Do you know who is responsible yet?† â€Å"We’re still working on it.† She turned to Langdon, holding out a slender hand. â€Å"My name is Vittoria Vetra. You’re from Interpol, I assume?† Langdon took her hand, momentarily spellbound by the depth of her watery gaze. â€Å"Robert Langdon.† He was unsure what else to say. â€Å"Mr. Langdon is not with the authorities,† Kohler explained. â€Å"He is a specialist from the U.S. He’s here to help us locate who is responsible for this situation.† Vittoria looked uncertain. â€Å"And the police?† Kohler exhaled but said nothing. â€Å"Where is his body?† she demanded. â€Å"Being attended to.† The white lie surprised Langdon. â€Å"I want to see him,† Vittoria said. â€Å"Vittoria,† Kohler urged, â€Å"your father was brutally murdered. You would be better to remember him as he was.† Vittoria began to speak but was interrupted. â€Å"Hey, Vittoria!† voices called from the distance. â€Å"Welcome home!† She turned. A group of scientists passing near the helipad waved happily. â€Å"Disprove any more of Einstein’s theories?† one shouted. Another added, â€Å"Your dad must be proud!† Vittoria gave the men an awkward wave as they passed. Then she turned to Kohler, her face now clouded with confusion. â€Å"Nobody knows yet?† â€Å"I decided discretion was paramount.† â€Å"You haven’t told the staff my father was murdered?† Her mystified tone was now laced with anger. Kohler’s tone hardened instantly. â€Å"Perhaps you forget, Ms. Vetra, as soon as I report your father’s murder, there will be an investigation of CERN. Including a thorough examination of his lab. I have always tried to respect your father’s privacy. Your father has told me only two things about your current project. One, that it has the potential to bring CERN millions of francs in licensing contracts in the next decade. And two, that it is not ready for public disclosure because it is still hazardous technology. Considering these two facts, I would prefer strangers not poke around inside his lab and either steal his work or kill themselves in the process and hold CERN liable. Do I make myself clear?† Vittoria stared, saying nothing. Langdon sensed in her a reluctant respect and acceptance of Kohler’s logic. â€Å"Before we report anything to the authorities,† Kohler said, â€Å"I need to know what you two were working on. I need you to take us to your lab.† â€Å"The lab is irrelevant,† Vittoria said. â€Å"Nobody knew what my father and I were doing. The experiment could not possibly have anything to do with my father’s murder.† Kohler exhaled a raspy, ailing breath. â€Å"Evidence suggests otherwise.† â€Å"Evidence? What evidence?† Langdon was wondering the same thing. Kohler was dabbing his mouth again. â€Å"You’ll just have to trust me.† It was clear, from Vittoria’s smoldering gaze, that she did not. 15 Langdon strode silently behind Vittoria and Kohler as they moved back into the main atrium where Langdon’s bizarre visit had begun. Vittoria’s legs drove in fluid efficiency – like an Olympic diver – a potency, Langdon figured, no doubt born from the flexibility and control of yoga. He could hear her breathing slowly and deliberately, as if somehow trying to filter her grief. Langdon wanted to say something to her, offer his sympathy. He too had once felt the abrupt hollowness of unexpectedly losing a parent. He remembered the funeral mostly, rainy and gray. Two days after his twelfth birthday. The house was filled with gray-suited men from the office, men who squeezed his hand too hard when they shook it. They were all mumbling words like cardiac and stress. His mother joked through teary eyes that she’d always been able to follow the stock market simply by holding her husband’s hand†¦ his pulse her own private ticker tape. Once, when his father was alive, Langdon had heard his mom begging his father to â€Å"stop and smell the roses.† That year, Langdon bought his father a tiny blown-glass rose for Christmas. It was the most beautiful thing Langdon had ever seen†¦ the way the sun caught it, throwing a rainbow of colors on the wall. â€Å"It’s lovely,† his father had said when he opened it, kissing Robert on the forehead. â€Å"Let’s find a safe spot for it.† Then his father had carefully placed the rose on a high dusty shelf in the darkest corner of the living room. A few days later, Langdon got a stool, retrieved the rose, and took it back to the store. His father never noticed it was gone. The ping of an elevator pulled Langdon back to the present. Vittoria and Kohler were in front of him, boarding the lift. Langdon hesitated outside the open doors. â€Å"Is something wrong?† Kohler asked, sounding more impatient than concerned. â€Å"Not at all,† Langdon said, forcing himself toward the cramped carriage. He only used elevators when absolutely necessary. He preferred the more open spaces of stairwells. â€Å"Dr. Vetra’s lab is subterranean,† Kohler said. Wonderful, Langdon thought as he stepped across the cleft, feeling an icy wind churn up from the depths of the shaft. The doors closed, and the car began to descend. â€Å"Six stories,† Kohler said blankly, like an analytical engine. Langdon pictured the darkness of the empty shaft below them. He tried to block it out by staring at the numbered display of changing floors. Oddly, the elevator showed only two stops. Ground Level and LHC. â€Å"What’s LHC stand for?† Langdon asked, trying not to sound nervous. â€Å"Large Hadron Collider,† Kohler said. â€Å"A particle accelerator.† Particle accelerator? Langdon was vaguely familiar with the term. He had first heard it over dinner with some colleagues at Dunster House in Cambridge. A physicist friend of theirs, Bob Brownell, had arrived for dinner one night in a rage. â€Å"The bastards canceled it!† Brownell cursed. â€Å"Canceled what?† they all asked. â€Å"The SSC!† â€Å"The what?† â€Å"The Superconducting Super Collider!† Someone shrugged. â€Å"I didn’t know Harvard was building one.† â€Å"Not Harvard!† he exclaimed. â€Å"The U.S.! It was going to be the world’s most powerful particle accelerator! One of the most important scientific projects of the century! Two billion dollars into it and the Senate sacks the project! Damn Bible-Belt lobbyists!† When Brownell finally calmed down, he explained that a particle accelerator was a large, circular tube through which subatomic particles were accelerated. Magnets in the tube turned on and off in rapid succession to â€Å"push† particles around and around until they reached tremendous velocities. Fully accelerated particles circled the tube at over 180,000 miles per second. â€Å"But that’s almost the speed of light,† one of the professors exclaimed. â€Å"Damn right,† Brownell said. He went on to say that by accelerating two particles in opposite directions around the tube and then colliding them, scientists could shatter the particles into their constituent parts and get a glimpse of nature’s most fundamental components. â€Å"Particle accelerators,† Brownell declared, â€Å"are critical to the future of science. Colliding particles is the key to understanding the building blocks of the universe.† Harvard’s Poet in Residence, a quiet man named Charles Pratt, did not look impressed. â€Å"It sounds to me,† he said, â€Å"like a rather Neanderthal approach to science†¦ akin to smashing clocks together to discern their internal workings.† Brownell dropped his fork and stormed out of the room. So CERN has a particle accelerator? Langdon thought, as the elevator dropped. A circular tube for smashing particles. He wondered why they had buried it underground. When the elevator thumped to a stop, Langdon was relieved to feel terra firma beneath his feet. But when the doors slid open, his relief evaporated. Robert Langdon found himself standing once again in a totally alien world. The passageway stretched out indefinitely in both directions, left and right. It was a smooth cement tunnel, wide enough to allow passage of an eighteen wheeler. Brightly lit where they stood, the corridor turned pitch black farther down. A damp wind rustled out of the darkness – an unsettling reminder that they were now deep in the earth. Langdon could almost sense the weight of the dirt and stone now hanging above his head. For an instant he was nine years old†¦ the darkness forcing him back†¦ back to the five hours of crushing blackness that haunted him still. Clenching his fists, he fought it off. Vittoria remained hushed as she exited the elevator and strode off without hesitation into the darkness without them. Overhead the flourescents flickered on to light her path. The effect was unsettling, Langdon thought, as if the tunnel were alive†¦ anticipating her every move. Langdon and Kohler followed, trailing a distance behind. The lights extinguished automatically behind them. â€Å"This particle accelerator,† Langdon said quietly. â€Å"It’s down this tunnel someplace?† â€Å"That’s it there.† Kohler motioned to his left where a polished, chrome tube ran along the tunnel’s inner wall. Langdon eyed the tube, confused. â€Å"That’s the accelerator?† The device looked nothing like he had imagined. It was perfectly straight, about three feet in diameter, and extended horizontally the visible length of the tunnel before disappearing into the darkness. Looks more like a high-tech sewer, Langdon thought. â€Å"I thought particle accelerators were circular.† â€Å"This accelerator is a circle,† Kohler said. â€Å"It appears straight, but that is an optical illusion. The circumference of this tunnel is so large that the curve is imperceptible – like that of the earth.† Langdon was flabbergasted. This is a circle? â€Å"But†¦ it must be enormous!† â€Å"The LHC is the largest machine in the world.† Langdon did a double take. He remembered the CERN driver saying something about a huge machine buried in the earth. But – â€Å"It is over eight kilometers in diameter†¦ and twenty-seven kilometers long.† Langdon’s head whipped around. â€Å"Twenty-seven kilometers?† He stared at the director and then turned and looked into the darkened tunnel before him. â€Å"This tunnel is twenty-seven kilometers long? That’s†¦ that’s over sixteen miles!† Kohler nodded. â€Å"Bored in a perfect circle. It extends all the way into France before curving back here to this spot. Fully accelerated particles will circle the tube more than ten thousand times in a single second before they collide.† Langdon’s legs felt rubbery as he stared down the gaping tunnel. â€Å"You’re telling me that CERN dug out millions of tons of earth just to smash tiny particles?† Kohler shrugged. â€Å"Sometimes to find truth, one must move mountains.† How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 13-15, Essay examples

Canada Essay Example For Students

Canada Essay CanadaHi my name is insert your name and Ill be writing about Canada. Canada is the greatest country in the world and it has been voted the best country in the world to live in for the past 3 years in a row by the United Nations. Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories, the newest territories is Nunavut. Nunavut is the land of the Indians (Natives). The capital of Nunavut is Iqaluit and it is located on Baffin Island. Canada has many professional sports teams in all the major sports except football. Some people say that the CFL is a professional football league but the players are mostly NFL rejects. Our sports teams for the NHL include the Vancouver Canucks, Edmonton Oilers, Calgary Flames, Toronto Maple leafs, Ottawa Senators, and the Montreal Canadians. Canadas most successful NHL team has been the Montreal Canadians, they have won an astonishing 23 Stanley Cups. Two NHL teams have left Canada because they were located in small markets, Canada has lost the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix and we have also lost the Quebec Nordiqs to Colorado. Losing NHL teams to the U.S is a growing epidemic because players are demanding more and more money and the ticket prices are going up to accommodate the players demands. Another reason that we are going to lose more NHL teams is that the Government taxation on the Canadian teams, the Montreal Canadians alone have paid more taxes in a year than all the American tea ms combined, the Government has to let NHL teams pay less taxes then they are right now if anyone ever wants to see hockey in the small markets in Canada. The last reason hockey teams are being lost to the U.S is the declining Canadian dollar and the players wanting their money in U.S funds. I think that Canada is going to lose the Senators, the Oilers, and the Flames in the next ten years. Canada also has two NBA teams and they are the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Toronto Raptors. They are both relatively new teams, thee Grizzlies are going to build their team around Shareef Abdur-Rahim a young small forward and the Raptors are going to build their team around Vince Carter a young power forward. Finally, Canada has two MLB (Major League Baseball) teams, the teams are the Toronto Blue Jays and the Montreal Expos. Toronto has won two World Series titles and Joe Carter hit the winning homerun in the second World Series. The Montreal Expos have not been as successful as the Blue Jays but they were first in the whole league in the 1993-1994 season but the players went on strike in August. I think sports have always been a major part of Canada and it always will be. One thing I like about Canada is its multiculturalism, people from any country can come to Canada and practice their religion openly and freely. I like the Immigration policy because people can come into the country if they want too and if they have a good reason. I dont like it when people get into the country by sneaking in because they should try to get in the legal way. I think the Immigration system is being taken advantage of because of the recent rash of ships carrying illegal migrants. I think multiculturalism is the reason Canada is such a great country. There are numerous famous people from Canada and I will tell you about some of them. Some of the singers include, Shania Twain, Celine Dione, The Rascalz, Bryan Adams, Corey Hart, The Bare Naked Ladies, and The Tragically Hip. Some of the sports stars include, Wayne Gretzky, Dr. James Naismith (creator of basketball), Owen Hart, Bret Hart, and Patrick Roy. Some of the actors and actresses include, Michael J. Fox, Mike Myers, Jim Carey, and Pamela Anderson. .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .postImageUrl , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:hover , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:visited , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:active { border:0!important; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:active , .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425 .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49ccf8aeae22e1835a6552bd92b96425:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Troy Versus Homers IlliadCanada has produced some of the best singers, actors, and sports figures in the world and I think this is a trend thats going to continue well into the next millennium. I think that its good that Canada isnt a nuclear country because that makes it so we have fewer enemies because were not a nuclear threat. I think that there are lots of stereotypes about Canadas weather, television and movies portray Canada as a cold snowy place but its not that bad. Its cold in most of Canada but in most of the area that is really cold is unpopulated. In the summer its hot and sunny, in the winter its cold and snowy, and in the spring its sunny and rainey. I think Canada is one of the best countries to live in and I wish I could live here for the rest of my life. . Category: Miscellaneous

Bipolar Disorder Cause Of Great Madness Or free essay sample

Bipolar Disorder: Cause Of Great Madness Or Great Genius? Essay, Research Paper Is bipolar upset the cause of great lunacy or great mastermind? The symptoms of this mental unwellness may besides be considered as the drive forces behind some of the most talented and gifted people to decorate our society. Although persons with this unwellness may hold some obstructions to get the better of, it can be accomplished. With all of the intervention plans that are widely available, people have many options and methods to turn to for aid. Bipolar upset, besides referred to as frenzied depression, is a temper upset. A individual with bipolar upset will hold utmost temper displacements between passion, a province of extremely elevated euphoric feelings, and depression, a province of despondence and desperation. These displacements can take hebdomads, yearss, or even proceedingss to go on. The period between displacements will change for each person, depending on the badness of the upset ( Williams A ; Wilkins, 1999, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Bipolar Disorder Cause Of Great Madness Or or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5-35 ) . Approximately two per centum of grownups have this mental unwellness, and about 15 per centum of those grownups will try suicide. Bipolar upset affects both work forces and adult females and the affected rates are similar between different civilizations and states. Most people with bipolar upset experience their first temper episode in their mid-twentiess, although it is non uncommon to see the first episode during childhood or in late life ( Bi-polar Disorder: Advanced Research in Health, 2000 ) . Bipolar upset is non a curable upset, although it is treatable. Bipolar is # 8220 ; among the most treatable of the psychiatric unwellnesss # 8221 ; ( Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . It is of import for people who believe that they may necessitate aid to seek it every bit shortly as possible because the earlier that bipolar upset can be diagnosed the earlier interventions can get down. Even after sing an episode, even after feeling that something may be incorrect, persons who seek aid may non ab initio receive the right diagnosing from a medical professional. Because of the similarity of symptoms, bipolar upset may ab initio be misdiagnosed as panic upset, schizophrenic disorder, or attending shortage upset ( Bi-polar Disorder: Advanced Research in Health, 2000 ) . Bipolar may besides be hard to name because the individual seeking aid may non be stating the physician everything the physician needs to cognize to right place the job. Medical professionals may merely name a individual as holding depression because they have no cognition of the inordinate enthusiasm that the patient feels. It is of import for persons seeking medical aid to be accurate and thorough in depicting their feelings or symptoms ( Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . A individual sing a frenzied episode may hold increased energy and/or rushing ideas. Feelingss of euphory and/or an increased force per unit area to speak may besides be symptoms. A individual in this phase of the unwellness may hold uncharacteristically hapless opinion and/or may be involved in some type of bad behaviour, such as unmanageable disbursement flings, accustomed reckless driving and/or take parting in unusual sexual brushs and behaviours. Normally the single denies that anything is incorrect when in a frenzied province ( Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . A individual sing the depression province of bipolar upset may hold feelings of ineptitude and/or guilt. Decreased energy and/or loss of involvement in one time enjoyable activities may besides be symptoms of clinical depression. A down individual may hold problem concentrating and/or have problem devising determinations. Depression may besides go forth persons contemplating self-destruction ( Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . There are two categorizations for bipolar upset, bipolar II and bipolar I ( Williams A ; Wilkins, 1999, pp. 5-35 ) . The combination and grade of passion and depression find the type of bipolar unwellness. It is besides determined by how long each phase lasts and the clip frame of euthymia, holding normal tempers, between phases. The cycling of phases may overlap, which is referred to as a assorted episode. The diagnostic system that is presently being used by mental wellness professionals is the # 8216 ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders # 8217 ; volume four, besides known as DSM-IV ( Manic- Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . A patient diagnosed as holding bipolar II upset has or has had at least one episode of major depression and is sing or has experienced one or more episodes of hypomania. Hypomanic episodes have the same symptoms of passion merely to a lesser grade. It is of import for intervention to get down now, to try the upset from developing into bipolar I disorder ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . Bipolar I disorder is the most terrible signifier of bipolar upset. Patients with bipolar I have fully fledged episodes of passion and experience major depressive provinces. These patients besides have mixed episodes. In add-on, some bipolar I patients may see psychotic episodes. The symptoms of bipolar I badly affect the patients # 8217 ; societal and/or occupational operation ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . There are legion intervention options for people with bipolar upset. The patient and the patient # 8217 ; s physician decide which intervention or interventions are best ( Bipolar intervention, 2000 ) . The options are chosen based on the grade of the upset and the current fortunes environing the patient ( Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . The most prevailing signifier of intervention is through psychopharmacology ; the usage of drugs that affect the patient # 8217 ; s the temper and behaviour ( What is Bipolar, 2000 ) . Temper stabilizers, which are anti-depressants, anti-anxieties, and anti-psychotics, may be used entirely or in combination to accomplish and keep a degree of mental stableness for the patient ( Psychopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob, 1999 ) . These medicines can significantly better the patient # 8217 ; s temperament and demeanour ( What is Bipolar, 2000 ) . Anti-depressants, used to handle clinical depression, come in two different chemical compounds, selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors, known merely as SSRIs, and monoamineoxidase inhibitors, besides referred to as MAOs. SSRIs include the medicines Zoloft and Prozac while MAOs include the medicines Nardil and Parnate. Other anti-depressants are lithium ( JAMA, 1999, v.281 pp. 23-32 ) and Depakote ( Psychopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob, 1999 ) . Some patients may see unnatural apprehensivenesss, in which an anti-anxiety drug may be needed to stamp down the unnatural trepidation felt by the patient. Ativan and Valium are two of the most common anti-anxiety medicines that are presently being prescribed to these patients ( Psychopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob, 1999 ) . In terrible cases, normally patients diagnosed as holding bipolar I disorder, an anti-psychotic medicine such as Haldol or Risperdol may be needed. These medicines help to command the inordinate paranoia, edginess, and mistrustfulness that some bipolar patients feel ( Psychopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob, 1999 ) . Patients typically respond good to drug therapy. Psychopharmacology may be used entirely or in concurrence with other interventions. One of these other interventions that may be used in combination with psychopharmacology, or used independently as intervention, is psychotherapeutics. There are three major types of psychotherapeutics. They are insight therapies, cognitive therapies, and behavior therapies. Mental wellness therapy, by definition, is # 8220 ; the professional application of techniques intended to handle psychological upsets and cut down emphasis # 8221 ; ( Rubin, Peplau A ; Salovey, 1993, p.492 ) . Insight therapies involve acquiring patients to discourse jobs they are holding and emotions they are experiencing, which are thought to be the cause of their psychological quandary ( Rubin, Peplau A ; Salovey, 1993, p.494 ) . One such insight therapy is psychoanalytic therapy, developed by Sigmund Freud, which helps patients detect their unconscious motivations and develop penetrations about how to set to them ( Psychotherapy, 1990 ) . Cognitive therapies takes Freud # 8217 ; s therapy method one-step further. These therapies focus non merely on what patients think, but besides centre on how and why patients think the manner they do ( Psychotherapy, 1990 ) . Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologist, developed one type of cognitive therapy known as rational-emotive therapy. This therapy focuses on the irrational beliefs of patients and the techniques used to replace those beliefs with more realistic 1s ( Rubin, Peplau A ; Salovey, 1993, pp. 501-502 ) . Behavior therapies help the patients place and alter inappropriate behaviours ( Psychotherapy, 1990 ) . Systematic desensitisation, a type of behavior therapy, seeks to replace negative ideas with positive ideas in relation to a specific fright or anxiousness ( Rubin, Peplau A ; Salovey, 1993, p. 502 ) . Psychotherapy may be conducted in private Sessionss, group Sessionss, or household Sessionss. Private Sessionss involve the patient and the physician, group Sessionss include the patient and his/her equals, and household Sessionss are comprised of the patient and his/her loved 1s. The benefit of any type of therapy T reatment and/or any type of therapy session is the relationship that is created between physician and patient. This relationship is built on trust, therefore leting the patient to experience more comfy about discoursing future jobs or issues that may originate ( Psychotherapy, 1990 ) . Hospitalization may be an component of intervention needed for patients under peculiar fortunes. Patients may be sing a terrible turn of depression or a fully fledged frenzied episode. In these cases, hospitalization may be required to explicate the patient # 8217 ; s needed medicine, adjust current doses of medicines and/or to keep the patient in a secure environment to minimise the opportunity of self-injury ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . Another method of intervention is through self-help This is when the patient enterprises in groups or research, outside of a physicians attention, which help the patient maintain or even better his/her mental status. There are many support groups worldwide for people enduring from bipolar upset, every bit good as an about infinite figure of resources available through local libraries or over the Internet. Self-help interventions are going more widely available because of the convenience of nearby support groups, updated libraries and personal computing machines ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . Persons with bipolar upset may besides turn to several alternate therapies for intervention. Some of these methods, while non openly discussed by mental wellness professionals, have statistical findings, which may take patients to see as useable methods of intervention. These methods include, but are non limited to, the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids and magnet therapy. One survey compared omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oils, with an olive oil placebo in persons diagnosed with bipolar upset. The preliminary findings indicated that patients having the fish oils # 8220 ; had longer periods of remittal and performed better than the patients having placebos # 8221 ; ( Archives of General Psychiatry, 1999, 56: pp. 407-416 ) . This survey is proclaimed to be a # 8220 ; landmark effort in drug development # 8221 ; ( Archives of General Psychiatry, 1999, 56: pp. 407-416 ) . Harmonizing to a double-blind survey at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, findings indicate that # 8220 ; magnetic stimulation of the encephalon eases terrible depression # 8221 ; ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . Magnet therapy for mental unwellness can now be # 8220 ; backed up by scientific grounds # 8221 ; ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . Magnetic stimulation of the encephalon is capable of decreasing the grade of depression in patients and # 8220 ; may go an alternate to electroconvulsive intervention ( ECT ) , which causes painful paroxysms and memory damage # 8221 ; ( Bipolar Treatment, 2000 ) . ECT is one of the most controversial interventions in psychopathology. The nature of the intervention itself is compounded with its history of maltreatment, damaging media presentations, and powerful testimonies of former patients, giving it a negative repute. This signifier of intervention is non administered lightly. The determination to offer ECT to a patient is based on his/her badness of upset and nonresponsiveness to other signifiers of intervention. Although ECT does hold some terrible side effects, such as memory loss and individuality confusion, it may still be an effectual and needful signifier of intervention in some bipolar patients ( Electroconvulsive Therapy BackGround Paper, 1988 ) . Another intervention method, psychosurgery, is besides considered controversial. Psychosurgeries of the yesteryear included leukotomies, which bring to mind images of post-operative patients in an inanimate province of being. # 8220 ; The psychosurgery of today bears small resemblance to the grossly destructive technique # 8221 ; ( Psychosurgery redux, 2000 ) that was one time used in processs such as leukotomies. One of the processs performed today, known as cingulotomy, uses a tool referred to as a stereotactic frame. With this new tool, sawboness can accurately fire away targeted encephalon tissue, doing # 8220 ; neither cognitive loss nor distressing personality alterations # 8221 ; ( Psychosurgery redux, 2000 ) to the patient. Diagnosed bipolar patients, who have non responded good to other signifiers of intervention and/or those patients who are considered at high hazard for self-destruction, may be campaigners for psychosurgery ( Psychosurgery redux, 2000 ) . Science and engineering have made important progresss since the times of the ancient Greeks, when depression was thought to be caused by inordinate black gall and passion to be caused by inordinate yellow gall ( Mondimore, 1999, p. 61 ) . Today # 8217 ; s bipolar patient may have proper and expedient intervention and may do usage of any figure of intervention options. Diagnosing bipolar upset has become easier with the usage of medical manuals such as the DSM-IV. Various intervention options have become more widely accepted since medical surveies have provided convincing statistical findings. Today # 8217 ; s universe provides bipolar patients with the chance to hold long, productive, originative and happy lives. Peoples diagnosed with frenzied depression and those who suffer from it but have non yet been diagnosed, can be found in any societal position and in any topographic point. They may be a president, an creative person, a housewife, an histrion, a homeless individual, an writer, or a neighbour. The simple fact is that they are all people. Peoples with emotions, people who experience highs and depressions, people merely like every other individual on the planet. These people may hold more troubles get bying with their milieus. They may necessitate aid and support through medicines, therapies, household, and/or friends. However, most of all, they need to be appreciated for their individualism, generativity, and creativeness that they can offer to the universe. Two of the many productive and originative persons enduring from bipolar upset are George, a former pupil at Fernwood # 8217 ; s Devereux Center ( Brandywine Programs Case Studies, 2000 ) , and Joy, a housewife, poet, and webmaster ( Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . These persons have had to get the better of many obstructions in their lives, but they have prevailed. They are now both basking happy, productive and originative lives. George was sent to Fernwood, an all boys plan, after being expelled from school for destructive behaviour. An appraisal found George to be enduring from bipolar upset. At first he was frightened about the diagnosing, but now George educates others about bipolar, is involved in the community, and works at the local YMCA ( Brandywine Programs Case Studies, 2000 ) . He is merely one illustration of a bipolar patient taking a productive life. A all right illustration of a originative bipolar patient is Joy. She is the Godhead of a web site entitled Bipolar, which can be found at www.frii.com/~parrot/bip.html. Joy has educational stuffs, every bit good as merriment facts and poesy, on her web site. She uses her originative side to assist educate others about her unwellness ( Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . There are besides a figure of celebrated people with bipolar upset. Edgar Allen Poe, Vincent Van Gogh, Abraham Lincoln and Marilyn Monroe, and all had bipolar upset ( Bipolar Disorder, 2000 ) . These people are thought of as being extremely gifted and talented. Millions of people, across the universe, would likely hold that these bipolars have decidedly left their grade on the universe. Who # 8220 ; upon a midnight dreary? would sit and chew over? weak and weary # 8221 ; but Edgar Allen Poe. What would the eventides be like without Vincent Van Gogh # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Starry Night? # 8221 ; Where was freedom and equality born? The reference is Gettysburg ; the adult male of the house is Abraham Lincoln. When # 8220 ; Gentlemen Prefer Blondes # 8221 ; , they look to Marilyn Monroe. Why so, could anyone inquiry Aristotle when he said, # 8220 ; No great mastermind has of all time existed without some touch of lunacy # 8221 ; ? ReferencesBipolar Disorder. Joy Ikelman. Aug. 2000. 15 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.frii.com/~parrot/bip.htmlBi-Polar Disorder: Advanced Research in Health. Synergy Group of Canada. 17 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.truehope.com/bi-polar/bi-polar1.htmBipolar Treatment. Mental Health Net A ; CMHC Systems. 18 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: /www.mentalhelp.net/disorders/sx20t.htmBrandywine Programs Case Studies. 15 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.devereux.org/devereux/centers/beneto/case2.htm # 5Electroconvulsive Therapy Background Paper. By Research-able Inc. Mar. 1988. 16 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ect.org/resources/cmhs.htmlFriedrich, M. J. # 8220 ; Lithium: Proving Its Mettle for 50 Years. # 8221 ; Journal of American Medical Association 281 ( 1999 ) : 25-32 Manic-Depressive/Bipolar Disorder. American Psychiatric Association. 17 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psych.org/public_info/manic.htmlModimore, Francis Mark. Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families. John Hopkins U. P. , 1999 Psycopharmacology Tips by Dr. Bob. Robert Hsuing, M.D. May 1999. 7 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uhs.bsd.uchicago.edu/~bhsuing/tips/tips.htmlPsychosurgery redux. 7 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/971103/surg.htmPsychotherapy. Annenburg/CPB Collection. Boston: WGBH, 1990. Rubin, Peplau A ; Salovey. Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. What is Bipolar? Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development. 2 Aug. 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bipolar.com/whatisbpd/whatisBPDFrame.htmWilliams A ; Wilkins. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Baltimore: MD, 1996.

Free Essays on A String In The Harp

The String in the Harp By Nancy Bond This story takes place in Amherst, Wales around the 1970’s. The main characters in this story are first David Morgan, he is the father, and then there’s his oldest daughter Jen, which is fifteen, then Becky, which is her ten-year-old sister. Then there’s Peter. Peter is their only brother. He is twelve years old. Then there is the ghost of Taliesin, the sixth century Bard. David Morgan gets this job as a teacher at the University of Wales and has to move there from Amherst, Massachusetts. His children go with him but his oldest daughter, Jen stays. But then realizes that she misses her family, so she arrives in Wales a few months later. Then she has too look after her brother and sisters while her father is at work. Then one day they were walking down a beach and Peter finds this metal object, later he learns that it is a harp-tuning key. He doesn’t tell anyone about it, not even his family. Ever since his mom died, Peter doesn’t really talk to anyone anymore. But he reads a lot and is very intelligent. Now with this key, Peter sees Taliesin’s important events in his life. Peter sees these events as if they were really happening right in front of his eyes. One day when Peter is experiencing one of Taliesin’s events in his room, his sister comes in and sees it also. Then the next day they go to town to this library. Jen shows the key to this guy and he wants the key because it’s very valuable. But Jen and Peter don’t give it to him. Then later the key really starts to show Taliesin’s life and Peter gets taken into his time dimension but leaves the key. Then Jen notices that Peter is gone but the Key is still there. So she picks it up and she sees Peter in a cage and Taliesin is telling her to give him the key or else Peter will die. The place she sees Peter is a place she has been before which was right down the road from their house. So she brings the key... Free Essays on A String In The Harp Free Essays on A String In The Harp The String in the Harp By Nancy Bond This story takes place in Amherst, Wales around the 1970’s. The main characters in this story are first David Morgan, he is the father, and then there’s his oldest daughter Jen, which is fifteen, then Becky, which is her ten-year-old sister. Then there’s Peter. Peter is their only brother. He is twelve years old. Then there is the ghost of Taliesin, the sixth century Bard. David Morgan gets this job as a teacher at the University of Wales and has to move there from Amherst, Massachusetts. His children go with him but his oldest daughter, Jen stays. But then realizes that she misses her family, so she arrives in Wales a few months later. Then she has too look after her brother and sisters while her father is at work. Then one day they were walking down a beach and Peter finds this metal object, later he learns that it is a harp-tuning key. He doesn’t tell anyone about it, not even his family. Ever since his mom died, Peter doesn’t really talk to anyone anymore. But he reads a lot and is very intelligent. Now with this key, Peter sees Taliesin’s important events in his life. Peter sees these events as if they were really happening right in front of his eyes. One day when Peter is experiencing one of Taliesin’s events in his room, his sister comes in and sees it also. Then the next day they go to town to this library. Jen shows the key to this guy and he wants the key because it’s very valuable. But Jen and Peter don’t give it to him. Then later the key really starts to show Taliesin’s life and Peter gets taken into his time dimension but leaves the key. Then Jen notices that Peter is gone but the Key is still there. So she picks it up and she sees Peter in a cage and Taliesin is telling her to give him the key or else Peter will die. The place she sees Peter is a place she has been before which was right down the road from their house. So she brings the key...

The Usefulness of Websites for Historical Research Essay

The Usefulness of Websites for Historical Research - Essay Example A website may be the work of an individual, a business, or any other type of organization for that matter, which is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Websites are extremely useful in the studying of various research topics. However when it comes to historical research, there are certain values and limitations of websites for studying this history. The aim of this paper is to examine and assess these values and limitations, in order to come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding on how accurate and useful websites truly are for studying history. By examining six websites in particular, we can base our results on how successful the average website is when used for studying history. Basing our historical research around the Civil War, the websites which will be used in this study will be as follows: By thoroughly examining these six websites, we can come to a critical assessment of how accessible and resourceful the average website is in historical research. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The immediate content of this website was professional and direct, with the home page offering separate corresponding timelines to choose from. Information such as: Civil War experience, Civil War timeline, Civil War battles, and Civil War people were also available to choose from on the home page; giving the visitor a vast array of options to choose from. In terms of visual presentation, it was accurately appropriate for the topic, and good design allowed for easy access through this site. There was in fact even a design labeled as the 'best graphic on site' in the 'Civil War Experience' page.1 Thinkquest offered a vast exhibition of useful information in regards to the Civil War, and even offered a 'Fun Fact of the day'; random factual occurrences which relate to the Civil War. The corresponding timelines offered accurate and incredibly informational timelines on the Civil War, and were significantly useful directional tools in terms of accessing around the website. In terms of what was negative about this site, or what more could have been done, the only true factor would be in regards to the actual design layout of the page. Although all the information was easily accessible, the visible attractiveness of it could certainly be updated and laid out more efficiently. However, as a website for allocating and using resourceful information on the Civil War, it can certainly be considered overall as positive. The Civil War Home Page This website was easily the most informational, graphically pleasing, and overall positive out of the six. The home page itself contained more educational and resourceful information that might even be expected; while still remaining to be pleasing to the eye. The layout and content of the site was done so in a way most certainly methodologically in order to allow visitors an easily accessible and highly information tour through the site. The immediate presentation of the website was not the only positive element; after selecting any of the numerous offered links to

American Politics and Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Politics and Foreign Policy - Essay Example The concluding section will draw upon all of this information and the global arguments will be considered when making a finalization about the matter. In April this year, Vladimir Putin announced that Russia will consider withdrawing from Europe's key arms control treaty in response to United States' plans to install missile defense systems in Eastern Europe (Danilova, 2007). The Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, which was signed in the last few months of the Cold War, has been considered as the foundation of stability in Europe. It places limits on the number of conventional weapons and foreign forces that can be deployed among member nations (Navosti, 2007). This particular aspect provides the backbone to the matter. In the first indication that the United States was losing patience with Moscow's inflexibility on the issue, Condoleezza Rice, the secretary of state, described Russia's fears simply as "ludicrous" (Columbia Tribune, 2007). "The Russians have thousands of warheads," she told a press conference in Oslo prior to a NATO meeting. "The idea that somehow you can stop the Russian strategic nuclear deterrent with a few interceptors just doesn't make sense" (Columbia Tribune, 2007). Mr. ... Mr. Putin said he had decided to declare a moratorium on an updated version of the treaty because NATO powers had failed to ratify it (Danilova, 2007). The United States and its NATO allies said they would not ratify the treaty until Russia withdrew its troops from Moscow-backed seceding republics in Georgia and Moldova - an argument the Russian Kremlin dismisses as a pretext to allow Washington to boost its military presence in Eastern Europe (Navosti, 2007). Background on the Treaty Negotiated and signed during the final years of the Cold War, the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is often referred to as the "cornerstone of European security" (Crawford, 2002). According to the Reuters Fact box (2007) the treaty, signed on November 19, 1990, eliminated the Soviet Union's overwhelming quantitative advantage in conventional weapons in Europe by setting equal limits on the amount of tanks, armored combat vehicles, heavy artillery, combat aircraft, and attack helicopters that NATO and the former Warsaw Pact could deploy between the Atlantic Ocean and the Ural Mountains (Crawford, 2002). Designed to prevent either alliance from concentrating forces for launching a blitzkrieg-type offensive, the treaty employs a system of concentric zones mandating smaller deployments of tanks, ACVs, and artillery the closer one moves toward the center of Europe (FAS, 1999). While the threat of such an offensive all but disappeared with the breakup of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the CFE Treaty's weapons limits and inspection regime, which provides an unprecedented degree of transparency on military holdings, continue to play an important role in Europe (FAS, 1999). CFE states-parties overhauled the treaty in November 1999,

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational behavior - Essay Example When first considering the new training program, it must be understood that â€Å"cultural issues will have a significant bearing on how your presentation is received† (Anton, 2007, p.1). Culture is a very important aspect behind how your chosen audience, both national and international, will embrace what is being discussed by the presenter. For example, it is understood that in the United States, there is a social trend to illustrate rather casual behavior within the organization which can sometimes be considered too casual with certain international audiences (media.wiley.com, 2006). In the United States, there is largely an individualistic culture, which can be defined as members of the organization who â€Å"value independence, self-expression and have beliefs that personal goals and interests are more important than group goals† (Blodgett, Bakir and Rose, 2008, p.339). When presenting a training concept to an individualistic culture, like the United States, the rec eiving audience is likely going to appreciate discussing aspects of performance management which identifies certain rewards for the individual’s contribution to meeting organizational objectives. A training program which is being discussed or presented for approval by the domestic audience will likely be appreciated and well-received by the audience so long as it appeals to individualistic goals. For instance, it might be offered that there will be a certain incentive given for completion of a comprehensive training program. In the international culture, which might be more collectivist, a culture which values group affiliation more than individual contribution to project or organizational goals, a more group-focused training program might wish to be presented to gain the audience’s attention. Collectivists â€Å"tend to view themselves as members of an extended family and will place group interests ahead of individual needs and

A Case study of j boats

A Case study of j boats Objective: The objective of this essay is to look at the issue of organizational tensions and basics for successful strategy via the case study of J Boats. This essay introduces the case study of J Boats and the key players, details the five forces analysis, looks at resources and capabilities, tensions, the 4 Ps of strategy and finally comes up with the future recommendations to management and strategic risks faced by J Boats. J Boats and Key players: J Boats is Americas most successful and famous boat-builder. Over the period has won many awards. J Boats operates its business in eight countries Argentina, Australia, Italy, France, England, Japan, Brazil and South Africa. Each year, over 100,000 people around the world sailed on one of their boats. It is operated by only five individuals of a single family. Rod who is the founder of J boats made his first boat Ragtime in 1974. Bob is the co-founder of the company and elder brother of Rod and he made the strategy of business. Jeffery, son of Rod became president of the company in 1987. Stuart and Drake sons of Bob became vice-president and sales manager in the same year 1987. Alan, son of Rod became product development manager. In 1993 Drake left his position and Jim (nephew of Rod and Bob) became sales coordinator. Tillotson Pearson International (TPI) is the major supplier of the company. J Boats has a network of 65 independent of dealers around the world . Five Forces Analysis: The five forces analysis provides a useful framework and checklist for analyzing the competition dynamics of any given industry (Simons 2000, pg 19). The five forces that determine the degree and nature of competition in boating industry are: industry 1. Threat of new entrants Easy to set up for example boat manufacturing can take place in home garage. High investment in research and development and product innovation required. J Boats has created professional dealer network distribution. J Boats have a long history of heavy advertising and this has earned brand equity and loyal customers all over the world. 2. Suppliers All the Boats of J boats are building by TPI and this gives supplier, TPI, a lot of bargaining power. On other hand there is mutual agreement between TPI and J Boats where TPI is exclusive manufacture for J boats. 3. Substitutes Large numbers of recreational activities available e.g. skiing, swimming and outdoor sports such soccer etc. 4. Buyers Buyers are price sensitive. Buyers can easily switch to different suppliers. Dealer earn industry standard margin. 5. Industry rivalry High fixed cost increases the firms willingness to discount to utilize capacity, increasing rivalry. Firms Resources and Capabilities: Resource is more broadly defined as strength of the business embodied in the tangible or intangible assets that are tied semi permanently to the firm (Simons 2000, pg 21). Capabilities refer to the special resources and know-how possessed by a firm that gives it competitive advantage in the market place (Simons 2000, pg 23). J Boats has strengths in the major functional areas of a business, such as research and development and marketing and sales. It has ability to respond quickly and effectively to market needs. J Boats capabilities are also created by being first at creating new design- a first mover and locking out competitors. Tension in organization: Organizations are complex entities in which managers must balance a variety of forces (Simons 2000, pg 7). J Boats needs to balance opportunities and attention. It has three projects in production J/160, J/32 and J/100 that absorbs time and money. It is hard for a company to decide which project to continue with for next years. The managers must ration their time and attention wisely. Secondly, J boats are attempting to grow it business however an excessive emphasis on growth can lead to danger without consideration to profitability. J boats need to balance profit, growth and control. J boats need to make strong financial planning. Only when a business is profitable can managers focus on growing the business (Simons 2000, pg 8). The 4Ps of Strategy: These are Perspective Mission, Position in Industry, Patterns of Action and Plans Goal. These are explained below. Mission statement: A mission statement is a formal commitment to stakeholders that the companys strategy incorporates and recognizes their claims on the organization (Hill 2007 p 34). J Boats mission is to become one of Americas most successful and famous boat- builders. Position in Industry: Means what industry position it wants to achieve through its strategies? (Hubbard, Jaynes, Clowes, Winter, Samuel, Pg. 3.7, 2009). J Boats wants to build best performance sailboats, thus creating value by offering quality products. Patterns of Action: To succeed over the long term, managers must keep their eyes focused on customers and competitors and their ears to the ground. They must listen and learn (Simons 2000, pg 37). J Boats is a best performing brand because of product innovation, advanced research and development and networks and relationships with suppliers and buyers. J Boat is very creative and fast moving with a new idea and currently its moving in low cost boat. Plan Goals: Goals are the ends or results that management desires to achieve in implementing the business strategy. Plans and goals can be used to communicate strategies and coordinate actions (Simons 2000, pg 32). From management perspective greater success of company is to handover J Boats successfully to next generation. Recommendation: These are a few recommendations that could support company to perform in more effective and efficient manner in future. These are explained below. Effective planning system: Effective financial planning means the development and implementation of co-ordinate plans for the achievement of a clients overall financial objectives (Leimberg 2007, p 3). J boats need to make strong financial planning. These will tell the J boats that whether the company is running as efficiently as possible or not. It will also help management to analysis cash flow position, further investment objective and goals. Quality and performance: By being the first mover (means first to create a new performance boat design) in the niche product segment ( i.e. quality and performance) alone is not sufficient to ensure this advantage is maintained, and J Boats must continue to innovate in product development, maintain good supplier and dealer network and stay one step ahead of its competitors. Expansion: To create long-term strategic advantage, J Boats really needs to look to expansion options that ensure strong growth and profitability. On this basis, expansion of new low cost boat and different supplier bases will provide a good foundation. Strategic Risk: The process of overseeing the management of all the firms risks is strategic risk management (Hubbard, Jaynes, Clowes, Winter, Samuel, 2009). However, it is vital that the risk attached to any options is carefully considered by J Boats before embarking on these options. They will significantly change the underlying business model of J Boats, increasing the level of complexity and uncertainty associated with revenue streams generated from new products and markets. In order to successfully integrate any expansion into the existing business, J Boats must ensure that risk management becomes an essential component of the business planning cycle. Conclusion: Future growth and development are clearly important factors in the J Boats business model. The development of brands loyalty and consistency of product innovation and expansion into low cost boat is likely to be the way to success. J Boats ensured that one of the Johnstons was represented on the class association executive board to monitor closely any proposed changes in racing rules that might affect specifications and allowable equipment when racing, this a good example of how the company is ensuring its well placed for the future and has strong capabilities that are able to meet the strategic goals of the company. Company should understand running a business on one supplier base is much more risky in term of long future plan thus its vital to have more than one supplier. Finally we recommend J Boats to consider rotation of duties for fear that if misfortune happen to a family member the business will continue in future without major interruption.

Teaching: A Commitment to Lifelong Learning Essay -- Teaching Educatio

Teaching: A Commitment to Lifelong Learning Education is an ever-changing part of society. A classroom teacher is faced with new challenges and obstacles that have never been dealt with before. Students come to the classroom with different life stories. Every student has strengths and weaknesses that surface in the classroom environment. Teachers must understand and focus on utilizing each student's strengths and work to improve weaknesses. Students learn in a variety of ways. The classroom must be a safe zone that appreciates student's viewpoints and allows room for mistakes. When topics in the classroom are related to "real-life" experiences, the information is more likely to be retained. Students learn from one another. The ideas and perspectives that each student brings to the classroom can bring insight into what is being learned. Students have to be allowed to explore new ideas, try them to see if they work, and sometimes fail. When students are encouraged to explore, they begin the process of becoming lifelong learners. The teacher in the classroom encompasses several roles. Resource, facilitator, and mentor are three of them. The teacher must be a resource that provides ideas and lessons to be learned. The teacher also must be a facilitator that encourages creative thinking, exploration, and mastery. The teachers is responsible for what needs to be learned. The subject matter that is taught is based on both curriculum as well as the world that students live i...

Out, Out by Robert Frost Essay

Having Shakespeare’s Macbeth as the primary inspiration for this poem has actual made the message of the entire poem much related to life and the length that it particularly runs. The idea that the author would likely want to send to his readers is rather related to the fact of how much life is less valued by many simply because of being focused in things that they believe are more important than their lives. Using the boy as a primary character In the poem naturally intends to mirror that fact that life could be ended even during one’s youth. Doing away with misleading idea of child labor, the poem authored by Robert Frost simply aims to give a brief description on life’s being unpredictable and most of the time uncertain. Yes, as Shakespeare compares the human life to a candle that could be put out of light anytime, frost uses a more direct referral to humans through the boy as the ones having the shortest span of time to live on earth simply because of unworthy accidents that causes some people’s existence on earth. Another face of the said poem is directed to the fact that humans are usually over indulged in their works, their responsibilities that they are already disregarding their health with careless acts of self-abuse with regards the capacity of their physical being to take the stresses that they continuously accept from work. Undoubtedly, through reports, it could then be observed that many employees who are rather employed in huge companies right now and are over absorbed in their jobs are the first ones to suffer from heart ailments and other stress-based sickness that causes their enthusiasm to even complete their tasks. Worse case s that, some work to death, that they actually receive death itself at the end of the line, having nothing to keep for themselves from all the hard works that they have accomplished when they were still living. Yes, it is the primary goal of the author of this poem to help people realize the fact that they are indeed living in a short-spanned time that they need to be careful of their acts, their decisions and their choices. Absolutely, it could not be denied that this call goes out to every age, every gender and every race that are standing as members of the human society. Taking one’s own years of life in much care and security would allow one to feel the essence of life much better. Yes, the approach of Robert Frost in using a young child as the depicting matter that explains human behavior towards life is indeed effective in showing the readers the real message behind the narration. Undoubtedly, it is through this approach that the concerns of human individuals are given clearer description and distinction as to how they are actually seen and observed in the society today. Using Shakespeare’s writing as a major inspiration for this literary piece also made it more mystique in presentation yet deep in explanation. Certainly, it could not be denied that readers of this poem could easily be enticed to the use of rather practical approach in referring human individuals to a young child who is supposed to have longer years of life ahead of him and yet whose life was cut short immediately by an accident and later on was immediately forgotten by the people around him as they have also their own lives to handle.

Global Advertising - Evaluation

Global Advertising - Evaluation IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN GLOBAL MARKETING"Advertising is a paid, mediated form of communication from an identifiable source, designed to persuade the receiver to take some action, now or in the future" Advertising is a vital part of every successful business regardless of whether its print media, TV media or outdoor media. Advertising is a way companies can communicate to consumers; to inform, remind, reinforce, build and sell.With the world shrinking, it's a level playing field out there and more companies are going global. It's important for global advertisers to stand out, to identify themselves and to gain awareness. On a global playing field, the rules are different and there are so many factors and players to take note of. Advertising is one powerful tool for global companies to communicate their unique selling proposition and sell their image to consumers. Many a times, consumers might have certain misconceptions about a global brand based on factors such as country of ori gin and advertising is one method to properly communicate the brand image to public.AdvertisingAdvertising can help global companies position themselves and inform people on what they stand for, build awareness, constantly remind people about the presence of the brand, change image in peoples' eyes, react to competition and entice others to try/buy the product.TV MEDIA - FUNNY ADSThe advertisements that are most memorable are the funny ones. However, a good joke does not necessarily make a good commercial. Being relevant to the product is also an important factor. Humor is believed to be the weapon in gaining attention, engagement and a positive affect towards the brand. It is known for cutting the audience's resistance to advertisements. As a result, the viewer accepts the sale message with a laugh. Surveys state that people responds to humor more than to...

Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies The WritePass Journal

Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies 1 Introduction Comparison of Agile Traditional Web Technologies 1 Introduction2 Contextual ReviewLiterature review3 Hypotheses:3.1 Aim of study3.2 Expectation4 Goals and Objectives5 Methodology and EvaluationBibliographyRelated 1 Introduction Nowadays, both pace and quality have undeniable role on phenomenon, and web development is not exception. That is why the concepts such as software engineering and afterward patterns were applied in recent decades. Although they have improved the quality of web development, non of them are perfect to guarantee matters like customer satisfaction, customer commitment and collaboration and flexibility [1]. Because of these matters software developers searched for a more productive approach. In early of twenty one century a group of software developers gathered to discuss on software engineering approaches, after that a manifesto was signed by them which is known as Agile now [2]. James Shore and Shane Warden have indicated to this manifesto:† Individuals and interactions over processes and tools, Working software over comprehensive documentation, Customer collaboration over contract negotiation, Responding to change over following a plan† [3]. As can be subsumed from this manifesto Agile is an emerging approach in software engineering which instead of process, documentation, contract and plan pays more attention to persons, software, customer and flexibility. These characteristics are more evident in principles which have been written by means of the establishers of Agile. James Shore and Shane Warden quote some of these principles:† Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software, welcome changing requirements even late in development†¦, deliver working software frequently†¦, business people and developers must work together†¦, build projects around motivated individuals†¦, working software is the primary measure of progress†¦, the most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [4]. From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Despite of agile establishers’ claim, some software developer believe that traditional and agile methods work in same way or at least agile is not able to increase productivity as much as its advocates claim. For evaluation of these asserts there is not enough witness in particular when it comes to empirical studies and comparisons. [36] Because of this shortage a practical comparison will be conducted via implementation of two website. Agile methodologies would be applied in one of them and another one will be implemented by traditional approaches. In section 2 business background about agile has been discussed, hypotheses and aim of study have been explained in section 3, goals and objective have been discussed in section 4, methodology and evaluation has been described in section 5. 2 Contextual Review In the rapidly changing environment, the best phenomenon and services are those which adapt themselves easily with changes with lower costs, and programming and software development are not exception. In the other words applications are evaluated as a good production when they would be able to accept changes with lower costs and in shorter time. In other words, they should be more flexible. When it comes to software development, flexibility would be one of the most important aspects which agile attempts to improve it. For instance, at the early of twenty one century a great deal of money was spent just for changing date byte in applications in US [19]. In addition a large number of company’s money is spent for maintenance that has direct relation with productivity and flexibility. All of these issue show importance of agile in market and industry because all of these criteria can be improved by agile. That is why companies and firms are being more interested to agile gradually . Result of a survey shows agile was being applied by means of 14 percent of companies, and more than three times of this amount were keen on using agile in Europe and US in 2005 [20]. Indeed, this amount has been increased now. Also, annually, a great deal of money is wasted for implementation of projects which are not used in reality because they do not satisfy customers’ requirements. Customers claim that they have ordered another production, while they have received completely different ones. If claims of agile which were mentioned in last sections be implemental, it will be able to prevent the majority of these situations or at least reduce the costs dramatically. As it was said in previous sections, projects which are implemented by means of agile methodology would be more flexible therefore when it comes to changing they can adapt themselves with changes more easier and with lower costs. Because of this matter cost of maintenance will be reduced as well. In addition, since, customers are considered as a team member and they collaborate with developers tightly this possibility that the final production would not be acceptable is reduced significantly. Because of frequent software delivery in agile methodology it is crystal clear that customer notices the developers if he/she expects a production with different specification in weekly communications. [21] Another specification of ASD which was mentioned is learning within implementation. This matter can diminish cost of holding training course that are hold by companies annually. In conclusion, it seems obvious that the majority of developers and companies would opt agile as their methodology and agile will possess the software development market in future [22]. Literature review A number of key specifications of Agile approach can be concluded from these principles. Despite of   the other approaches Agile Does not have any problem with changes even it would be late. On the other words, application should be written that much flexible which altering does not waste time and resources a lot. This amount of flexibility needs expert and experienced developers, therefore another characteristic could be skillful developers. In addition these developers should work with constant pace that is why the principles emphasize motivated developers because motivation could be engine of team and persuades members to learn during the work. The high and constant pace makes Agile teams able to hand in executable software more frequently to customers. Therefore they can change customer requirements and interact with developers and finally would be more satisfy. As can be deduced form Agile definition, main emphasis is on individuals rather than plan, documents and other phenomenon. Therefore Agile approach mainly is applied in team based projects in particular self-organizing teams-teams in which members take managing responsibilities instead of external manager who controls the team [5]-. Also here executable software is a scale of progress evaluation. It can be concluded from manifesto and principles of Agile that if these principles are implemented project will be more successful obviously, while there is a controversial point that is it possible to apply these rules and principles in practice? The majority of resources which were reviewed emphasize that projects which use Agile could be more successful, while some of them like James Shore and Shane Warden believe that:† I do not recommend adopting agile development solely to increase productivity. Its benefits come from working differently, not from working faster. Your team will need time to learn agile development. While they learn, they will go slower, not faster.† [7] For a scientific judgment we should discuss on success in software development and have a precise definition first. Traditional definition of success emphasizes on cost, time and customer requirements as specification [8]. On the other words it believes that a project will be successful if it is finished before due time, costs do not proceed on budget and all the customer requirements are satisfied, while the modern ones are seemed totally different. They express a project which is evaluated as a failure one can be a successful project because it would be possible a large number of customers and addressers will be attracted to the project or it would create a unique characteristic and vice versa. On the other words, a project which satisfies all the traditional success criteria could be failure one from viewpoint of modern definitions. [9][10] It can be said that current definitions apart from the old criteria consider flexibility, business process and personal success as new success criteria, therefore a project would be more successful from viewpoint of   recent definitions that: Decreases delivery time Its costs would be less than estimates and enhances return on investment(ROI) Has more capability to satisfy customer requirements Has more flexibility to adapt itself with changes and customer new requirements Causes more personal success-technical and non technical- for contributors-developer, customer and manager- Develops business aspects[11][12] From reviewed resources can be concluded that different parameters can affect success in software development. A group of them can be observed here which have been mentioned by Indian Institute of Technology:†customer satisfaction, customer collaboration, customer commitment, decision time, team size, planning and control, people factors, competency, communication and negotiation, training and learning and so on †[13] Obviously, some of these factors can be found in agile manifesto and principles easily, but how agile would be able to implement them properly? There is another controversial issue, agile claims that could be able to manipulate all of these parameters properly! Here, the main hypothesizes and questions which shape the goal of this proposal are created which will be described more detailed in following chapters. When it comes to comparison between traditional software development methods and agile, different opinions can be found. The majority of them express that agile works in different way,  Ã‚   few number of them say there is not any especial difference between them and some ones tell they are in some aspects same and in another aspects different, but in total, It can be concluded from literature that there are radical differences between them that some of them would be mentioned in following. When it comes to design stage, traditional approaches are plan base. In the other words in these approaches, developer tries to predict everything in advance and spend a great deal of time for it. Plan and design are usually recorded formally, that is why these approaches do not welcome to changes, while ADS is not limited to a pre defined plan. Developer thinks about possible events during the implementation and tries to opt best solution.   Therefore, it can be said knowing and action happen concurrently. In ASD is emphasized on discovering new experience meanwhile the implementation. Projects which are implemented by means of ADS are progressed in terms of iterative actions, while ordinary methods just follow a sequence of stages. Traditional ways act in vicinity of optimization, while agile works based on flexibility and adaption. Developer tries to formulate everything in traditional ways, but the problems are solved via iteration and experiment in agile. In general it can be said, traditional methodologies keen on controlling and directing projects in one path. They do not welcome to conflicts and changes and managers have key role on controlling the developers. In these ways design surpasses other aspects and affects them, while agile emphasizes more on exploring instead of prediction. Interaction, communication and collaboration between all members even customers is one of the most important characteristics of this methodology. In ASD, iteration and changing are inseparable. In addition in agile, projects are managed by means of all members and manager just is a facilitator. [14] From all the specification which was mentioned above it can be perceived that despite of other software engineering approaches and patterns that have specific steps to follow, Agile could be something like especial philosophy and ideology that developer always bear it in his/her mind. This ideology makes developer able to consider a large number of possibilities and opt the best one [6]. Such as this ability just could be gained via experience, study and practice in long term, but there are some methods that agile and its advocates claim by means of them developer would be able to earn this philosophy. These methods are recognized as agile methodology and are introduced briefly in following. Crystal clear methodology: A group of methodologies which are suitable for small groups that work on not life-critical projects. These methodology instead of process, emphasize on people an communication between them. [24, 25] Dynamic software development method (DSDM): An iterative methodology that projects are completed gradually within the iterations. In this methodology projects are divided to three stages: pre-project, project life-cycle and post project that each stage has own principles. This methodology follows the same principles which form the concept of agile, in particular this methodology tries to involve customer as a team member in project. [26, 27] Feature-driven development: This methodology attempts to apply both plan-base (traditional ways) and agile approaches. In this methodology projects are divided to features that every feature has a plan that this plan and its implementation are completed during iteration. [28, 29] Lean software development: This methodology was used in Toyota production system for the first time. This method focuses on preventing the wastes. In terms of this approach each activity and process that does not add any worth to customers means waste. [30, 31] Scrum: Management aspects are emphasized more in this methodology. Regularly meetings are hold in which each member expresses his/her feedback and others adjust themselves with his/her feedback. During this meeting customer representative decides feedback is in harmony with requirement or not. After customer’s satisfaction development team continues working, otherwise they consider changes to persuade the customer. Usually there are not any external managers in these kinds of groups and supervising is done via members. [32, 33] Extreme programming: This methodology consists of a set of practices that makes developer able to choose best techniques and make the best decisions. [34, 35] 3 Hypotheses: As can be observed in previous chapters the majority of literature believe that agile works differently in both implementation and management. Also agile advocates claim that projects which are implemented by means of agile would be more successful. In addition it can be concluded from literature review section that agile in some aspects treats radically different. Here, the hypotheses which form motivation of this project are born. They have been expressed in terms of success criteria which presented in last chapters. The customers would be more satisfied when projects are implemented via agile, therefore project will be more successful. Customers are treated as members of development team, therefore commitment of the customers is higher and project more successful. Customer as a member of team would have more collaboration, in result project will be more successful. Size of development team would be smaller therefore face to face communication will be simpler and success opportunity more Team members make a decision in shorter times periodically, therefore success opportunity will be more Development team members are selected more expert and competent, therefore the project could be more successful Progress would be evaluated by means of the team members which know project better instead of managers, so project could be more successful Designing is evolutionary and based on iteration, so the project will be more flexible   Implementation will be accompany with learning and this matter makes the developers more motivated Cultural and social issues will be considered in ASD [16] These are some hypotheses which form motivation to do this project and proposal and they would be considered within the implementation of project. On the other words, this project is done to check how much these hypotheses could be correct and if they are, which methodologies does agile apply to reach these goals? In addition, this project tends to check the differences which have been recognized between agile and traditional methodologies in literature review are actual or not? Some radical differences were recognized in that part which can make other hypotheses: Traditional methods work based on predefined plans while agile do not emphasize on plan Plans in ordinary methods are formal and resistance on changes while plans on agile are informal and welcome to changing Traditional ways follow s sequence of steps while agile is progressed iteratively. In traditional ways manager controls the progress of project while, in agile team members act as a manager Face to face and daily communication is one of the most important principles in agile while, it is not that much important in traditional ones Customers are considered as a team member in agile methodology while, in ordinary ones communication with customers is in vicinity of contract Agile emphasize on flexibility and traditional ones on optimizing [16][17][18] These hypotheses would be evaluated as well within development of project. 3.1 Aim of study As can be concluded from literature review, the quantity of valid empirical researches which have compared ASD with traditional methodologies and researches that consider agile claims, is rare. [23] It could be the most interesting motivation for designing a systematic and scientific way-has been described in methodology and evaluation section- for assessing the mentioned hypotheses. 3.2 Expectation Before conducting the project, there are some expectations which have been concluded from literature review and it is predicted that some of them would be resulted after accomplishing the project. These expectations could be same with hypotheses, but it is crystal clear that for scientific comparison all the conditions should be matched with the conditions in real world. Unfortunately, there are some conditions and situations which do not exist in this project-they will be mentioned in detailed in next chapter-and they will be simulated with simulated situations and maybe this issue affects the results, but with precise simulation it will be tried to reduce this influence as much as possible. 4 Goals and Objectives Doing a fair, empirical and scientific comparison between agile system development and traditional ways can be considered as goal of this project. Also scientific evaluation of this issue that agile is useful approach for software development or not can be another goal. As can be perceived these goals are general and intangible, therefore some objectives make them more clear and measurable. For first goal development of two websites that agile has been applied in one of them and comparison between them could be suitable. Therefore when it comes to comparison objectives can be: Select a suitable context which has this potential to be implemented as a website in agile   and traditional approach Choose a proper languages for development of these websites Opt systematic and scientific methods to compare action of these websites These objectives will be described in detailed in methodology and evaluation chapter. Also, when it comes to second goal these matters can be considered as objectives: Determine specification of a good application Determine success of   software development is assessed by means of which factors Decide what criteria affect web development success Determine these criteria are fulfilled more in agile or traditional approach via systematic and scientific way These objectives would be explained in methodology and evaluation chapter as well as previous ones. 5 Methodology and Evaluation For evaluating benefits which ASD claims have-mentioned in last chapters- and comparison between traditional software development methods and ASD, two website would be designed and their productivity, flexibility, readability and other specifications compared with each other. For a correct comparison context and title of these websites should be same, in other words they should be designed for same target. After discussing with supervisor it was determined that two websites should be implemented for a library which would be presented as online services. As It was mentioned the application and interface of these websites would be same while in one of them Agile methods will be applied and in another one traditional methods like plan base. In follow some details of these websites can be observed.   First library website which is supposed to have Agile methods would be implemented by means of C# language in ASP.Net framework. While the other one will be implemented via PHP language. C# has been opted because of its Object Oriented specification and also as a dynamic language it can be useful to apply ASD methods. In addition PHP has been selected because it was essential that one programming language should be out of the teaching materials of university. These two websites belong to a library which wants to let customers use online services. There would be different kind of books, papers and references which would be available in terms of their type. For instance, some books which have more appeal can be borrowed for shorter period in compare with the others and some recourses cannot be borrowed. Customers will be classified to different types which have distinguish priority. For example, when a book-there is just one available copy of this book- is demanded by two persons that one of them is postgraduate and another one undergraduate, it will borrowed by postgraduate student. There would be a waiting system that puts persons who has requested unavailable items in a queue in respect to their priority that mentioned above. Also, an Email delivery system will send an Email to remind the due time to customers automatically a day before it. After implementation of these websites they will be submitted to a number of expert web developers accompany with a questionnaire- that would be designed after consulting with supervisor- which asks them to determine which application is more productive, flexible and reliable. The developers will not be noticed that Agile methods has been used in which application. In addition it is possible a group of customers would be asked to use two websites and after that express which one is more user friendly and productive, but due to same interface and functionality it could be difficult to mention any differences. As it was mentioned one of the most important specifications which Agile advocates claim can be increased via applying it, is flexibility.   But one of the most vital characteristics of ASD which helps improvement of flexibility is interaction with customers and stockholders. Unfortunately, there is not any actual customer in this comparison therefore project supervisor and another person-who is familiar with web development and is determined after consulting with supervisor are assumed as customer and would be asked to change their requirements as a customer requirements every week regularly then consequent changes in coed are recorded as a documen t and attached to dissertation report. For a scientific comparison all the conditions should be close to reality therefore another minus can be detected and considered, is absence of a team as a development team ,because ASD is completely team based that these teams are usually self organization an cross functional teams. For compensation of this weakness the developer should study different contexts like finance and business and regularly consult with people who are expert in their fields to approach the comparison to reality. 6 Project plan Bibliography [1]ketabe art safeye 3 [2] http://agilemanifesto.org/history.html [3] In Art of Agile Development book [4] In Art of Agile Development book [5] futureworksconsulting.com/resources/TeamAgilityAgileTimesFeb04.pdf [6] In Art of Agile Development book safeye 3 va X||| [7] ketab safheye 3 [8] ketab safeye 4 [9] ketab safeye 4 [10] ketab safeye 4 pavaraghi [11]ketab bakhshe movafaghiyat [12]article success factores [13] article success factores [14] article, what we know about agile? [15]article success factores [16][17][18] [19]ye chiz peydaa kon vase Amrica [20] article, what we know about [21] http://agilemethodology.org/ [22] what we know safeheye aval [23] what we know safeheye aval va ye done dig eke save kardi rood esc top [24] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [25]refrence 16 hamoon article [26] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [27] refrence 60 hamoon article [28] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [29] refrence 50 hamoon article [30] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [31] refrence 52 hamoon article [32] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [53] refrence 52 hamoon article [34] article ke kheili khoobe va ziyaade va jadval dare [35] refrence 9, 10 hamoon article [36] Empirical studies of agile software development: A systematic review/abstract